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Good Moral Character (GMC) and U.S. Naturalization
As part of the naturalization process, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) requires applicants to demonstrate “Good Moral Character” (GMC) during the statutory period prior to filing—and continuing through the time of the oath ceremony.
What Is “Good Moral Character”?
Although USCIS has not formally defined “good moral character” in its regulations, it has issued policy guidance outlining conduct that may indicate a lack of GMC. This guidance helps adjudicators determine whether an applicant meets the moral character standard required for U.S. citizenship.
GMC is evaluated on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the applicant’s entire conduct and circumstances.
Examples of Conduct That May Indicate a Lack of Good Moral Character
According to USCIS policy, the following acts are considered serious violations that can reflect negatively on GMC:
- Bail jumping
- Bank fraud
- Conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance
- Failure to file or pay federal, state, or local taxes
- False claim to U.S. citizenship
- Falsification of records
- Forgery or uttering
- Insurance fraud
- Obstruction of justice
- Sexual assault
- Social Security fraud
- Unlawful harassment
- Unlawful registration to vote
- Unlawful voting
- Violation of a U.S. embargo
This list is not exhaustive. Many other actions, depending on the facts and context, may also affect an applicant’s GMC determination.
USCIS Guidance on Case-by-Case Analysis
USCIS officers are instructed to assess each case individually and consider extenuating circumstances, which:
- Must relate directly to the unlawful act, and
- Must have occurred before or during the commission of the act.
This discretionary framework means applicants may still be approved for naturalization if they can provide strong mitigating evidence or demonstrate rehabilitation, depending on the nature and timing of the conduct in question.
Timing and Duration of GMC Requirement
- For most applicants, the GMC period is 5 years before filing.
- For spouses of U.S. citizens applying under the 3-year rule, the GMC period is 3 years.
- The requirement continues through the date of the oath ceremony—not just up to the interview.
Legal Advice Strongly Recommended
Because the GMC assessment involves complex, discretionary analysis, it is essential to:
- Review your entire record before applying;
- Identify any past conduct that could raise concerns; and
- Obtain professional legal guidance if there is any uncertainty.
Need Help?
I provide thorough screening and case analysis for individuals considering U.S. citizenship. If you have any concerns about your eligibility or want to be sure you meet the good moral character requirement:
Contact me for a confidential assessment of your case.
Last Revision: March 2025.