E-Visa Treaty Nations

Treaty Trader (E-1) and Treaty Investor (E-2) Visas

The Treaty Trader (E-1) and Treaty Investor (E-2) visas are available to nationals of countries that maintain a treaty of commerce and navigation with the United States. These visas allow individuals to enter the U.S. for one of the following purposes:

  • E-1 (Treaty Trader): To carry on substantial trade, including trade in services or technology, primarily between the U.S. and the treaty country.
  • E-2 (Treaty Investor): To develop and direct the operations of an enterprise in which the applicant has invested, or is actively in the process of investing, a substantial amount of capital.

Eligible E-Treaty Countries

The following is an alphabetical list of countries whose nationals may qualify for E-1 or E-2 visas. Note that some countries are eligible for only one of the classifications.

CountryClassificationEntered into Force
AlbaniaE-2January 4, 1998
ArgentinaE-1December 20, 1854
ArgentinaE-2December 20, 1854
ArmeniaE-2March 29, 1996
AustraliaE-1December 16, 1991
AustraliaE-2December 27, 1991
Australia 12E-3September 2, 2005
AustriaE-1May 27, 1931
AustriaE-2May 27, 1931
AzerbaijanE-2August 2, 2001
BahrainE-2May 30, 2001
BangladeshE-2July 25, 1989
BelgiumE-1October 3, 1963
BelgiumE-2October 3, 1963
BoliviaE-1November 09, 1862
Bolivia 13E-2June 6, 2001
Bosnia and Herzegovina 11E-1November 15, 1982
Bosnia and Herzegovina 11E-2November 15, 1982
BruneiE-1July 11, 1853
BulgariaE-2June 2, 1954
CameroonE-2April 6, 1989
CanadaE-1January 1, 1994
CanadaE-2January 1, 1994
ChileE-1January 1, 2004
ChileE-2January 1, 2004
China (Taiwan) 1E-1November 30, 1948
China (Taiwan) 1E-2November 30, 1948
ColombiaE-1June 10, 1948
ColombiaE-2June 10, 1948
Congo (Brazzaville)E-2August 13, 1994
Congo (Kinshasa)E-2July 28, 1989
Costa RicaE-1May 26, 1852
Costa RicaE-2May 26, 1852
Croatia 11E-1November 15, 1982
Croatia 11E-2November 15, 1982
Czech Republic 2E-2January 1, 1993
Denmark 3E-1July 30, 1961
DenmarkE-2December 10, 2008
Ecuador 14E-2May 11, 1997
EgyptE-2June 27, 1992
EstoniaE-1May 22, 1926
EstoniaE-2February 16, 1997
EthiopiaE-1October 8, 1953
EthiopiaE-2October 8, 1953
FinlandE-1August 10, 1934
FinlandE-2December 1, 1992
France 4E-1December 21, 1960
France 4E-2December 21, 1960
GeorgiaE-2August 17, 1997
GermanyE-1July 14, 1956
GermanyE-2July 14, 1956
GreeceE-1October 13, 1954
GrenadaE-2March 3, 1989
HondurasE-1July 19, 1928
HondurasE-2July 19, 1928
IrelandE-1September 14, 1950
IrelandE-2November 18, 1992
Israel 15E-1April 3, 1954
Israel 15E-2May 1, 2019
ItalyE-1July 26, 1949
ItalyE-2July 26, 1949
JamaicaE-2March 7, 1997
Japan 5E-1October 30, 1953
Japan 5E-2October 30, 1953
JordanE-1December 17, 2001
JordanE-2December 17, 2001
KazakhstanE-2January 12, 1994
Korea (South)E-1November 7, 1957
Korea (South)E-2November 7, 1957
Kosovo 11E-1November 15, 1882
Kosovo 11E-2November 15, 1882
KyrgyzstanE-2January 12, 1994
LatviaE-1July 25, 1928
LatviaE-2December 26, 1996
LiberiaE-1November 21, 1939
LiberiaE-2November 21, 1939
LithuaniaE-2November 22, 2001
LuxembourgE-1March 28, 1963
LuxembourgE-2March 28, 1963
Macedonia 11E-1November 15, 1982
Macedonia 11E-2November 15, 1982
MexicoE-1January 1, 1994
MexicoE-2January 1, 1994
MoldovaE-2November 25, 1994
MongoliaE-2January 1, 1997
Montenegro 11E-1November 15, 1882
Montenegro 11E-2November 15, 1882
MoroccoE-2May 29, 1991
Netherlands 6E-1December 5, 1957
Netherlands 6E-2December 5, 1957
New Zealand 16E1June 10, 2019
New Zealand 16E2June 10, 2019
Norway 7E-1January 18, 1928
Norway 7E-2January 18, 1928
OmanE-1June 11, 1960
OmanE-2June 11, 1960
PakistanE-1February 12, 1961
PakistanE-2February 12, 1961
PanamaE-2May 30, 1991
ParaguayE-1March 07, 1860
ParaguayE-2March 07, 1860
PhilippinesE-1September 6, 1955
PhilippinesE-2September 6, 1955
PolandE-1August 6, 1994
PolandE-2August 6, 1994
Portugal 17E-1December 2022, eff. Apr. 25, 2024
Portugal 17E-2December 2022, eff. Apr. 25, 2024
RomaniaE-2January 15, 1994
SenegalE-2October 25, 1990
Serbia 11E-1November 15,1882
Serbia 11E-2November 15,1882
SingaporeE-1January 1, 2004
SingaporeE-2January 1, 2004
Slovak Republic 2E-2January 1, 1993
Slovenia 11E-1November 15, 1982
Slovenia 11E-2November 15, 1982
Spain 8E-1April 14, 1903
Spain 8E-2April 14, 1903
Sri LankaE-2May 1, 1993
Suriname 9E-1February 10, 1963
Suriname 9E-2February 10, 1963
SwedenE-1February 20, 1992
SwedenE-2February 20, 1992
SwitzerlandE-1November 08, 1855
SwitzerlandE-2November 08, 1855
ThailandE-1June 8, 1968
ThailandE-2June 8, 1968
TogoE-1February 5, 1967
TogoE-2February 5, 1967
Trinidad & TobagoE-2December 26, 1996
TunisiaE-2February 7, 1993
TurkeyE-1February 15, 1933
TurkeyE-2May 18, 1990
UkraineE-2November 16, 1996
United Kingdom 10E-1July 03, 1815
United Kingdom 10E-2July 03, 1815
Yugoslavia 11E-1November 15, 1882
Yugoslavia 11E-2November 15, 1882

Country-Specific Footnotes

  1. China (Taiwan): Under the Taiwan Relations Act (Public Law 96-8) and Executive Order 12143, agreements concluded before January 1, 1979, are administered through the American Institute in Taiwan on a nongovernmental basis.
  2. Czech Republic & Slovak Republic: The treaty with the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic entered into force on December 19, 1992. It continued separately for both successor states from January 1, 1993.
  3. Denmark: Treaty effective July 30, 1961, does not apply to Greenland.
  4. France: Treaty effective December 21, 1960, applies to Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Réunion.
  5. Japan: Treaty applies to Bonin Islands (since June 26, 1968) and Ryukyu Islands (since May 15, 1972).
  6. Netherlands: Treaty applies to Aruba and Netherlands Antilles.
  7. Norway: Treaty effective September 13, 1932, does not apply to Svalbard.
  8. Spain: Treaty effective April 14, 1903, applies to all Spanish territories.
  9. Suriname: Treaty with Netherlands (effective December 5, 1957) extended to Suriname on February 10, 1963.
  10. United Kingdom: The 1815 treaty applies only to British territory in Europe and requires actual and permanent residency in the U.K. Nationals of other Commonwealth countries are not eligible under this treaty.
  11. Yugoslavia: The U.S. regards former SFRY countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Serbia, Kosovo) as treaty successors.

E-3 Visa Classification (Australia Only)

The E-3 visa is available exclusively to nationals of the Commonwealth of Australia who are entering the U.S. to perform services in a specialty occupation. This is defined similarly to the H-1B category as one requiring:

  • A theoretical and practical application of specialized knowledge, and
  • A bachelor’s or higher degree (or equivalent) in the specific specialty.

Special Country Conditions

  • Bolivia: Nationals with qualifying investments in place by June 10, 2012, remained eligible for E-2 classification through June 10, 2022. New applicants must be engaging in investment activity tied to such legacy investments.
  • Ecuador: Nationals with qualifying investments in place by May 18, 2018, remain eligible for E-2 status through May 18, 2028, under similar conditions.
  • Israel: The U.S.–Israel treaty effective April 3, 1954, allows for E-1 status only. However, Public Law 112-130 (June 8, 2012) authorized E-2 classification beginning May 1, 2019, following confirmation of reciprocal treatment by Israel.
  • New Zealand: Under Public Law 115-226 (August 1, 2018), New Zealand nationals became eligible for E-1 and E-2 classification beginning June 10, 2019.
  • Portugal: The AMIGOS Act (signed December 28, 2022) enables Portuguese nationals to apply for E visas. Full implementation began April 25, 2024.

Final Notes

E-visa applications are complex and require thorough documentation and preparation.

Avoid unlicensed or inexperienced representation. Work with a qualified U.S. immigration attorney to ensure proper handling of your case.

For the latest information on U.S. visa reciprocity, processing times, and eligibility, visit the U.S. Department of State website.

Last Revision: March 2025.